Overview

Soteriology (Greek soter “savior”) asks: “What is wrong with us, and how do we fix it?” It is the theory of salvation, liberation, or enlightenment.

Core Idea

The core idea is Transformation. Humans are in a bad state (sin, ignorance, suffering), and we need to move to a good state (heaven, nirvana, communion).

Formal Definition

The branch of theology dealing with the nature and means of salvation.

Intuition

  • The Rescue: We are drowning. Soteriology is the life raft.
  • The Medicine: We are sick. Soteriology is the cure.
  • The Debt: We owe a debt we can’t pay. Soteriology is who pays it.

Examples

  • Christianity: Humans are sinful. Jesus’ death (Atonement) pays the penalty. Salvation is by Grace through Faith.
  • Buddhism: Humans suffer due to attachment. The Eightfold Path leads to Nirvana (liberation).
  • Hinduism: Humans are trapped in Samsara (rebirth) by Karma. Moksha is liberation from the cycle.

Common Misconceptions

  • Misconception: It’s just about going to heaven when you die.
    • Correction: Many traditions view salvation as a present reality (Enlightenment now, Kingdom of God now).
  • Misconception: All religions have the same soteriology.
    • Correction: They solve different problems. Christianity solves Sin; Buddhism solves Suffering.

Applications

  • Psychology: “Self-help” is often a secular soteriology (saving yourself from anxiety).
  • Politics: Marxism is a secular soteriology (saving the world through revolution).

Criticism and Limitations

  • Exclusivism: “My way is the only way.” This causes conflict.

Further Reading

  • The Nature of Doctrine by George Lindbeck